Lessons in Pragmatism Essay Example for Free

Lessons in Pragmatism Essay Having been a Para Educator since 1994, serving both Special Education as well as General education children, I have had countless opportunities to observe incredible teachers in action. In fact, one of my most vital responsibilities is to collect observational data on various special education students and their IEP goals. This allows the teacher to generate reports of student progress and to help in modifying goals and objectives as needed. It is unfortunate that the writing of this paper falls during the summer months making it impossible to conduct a formal observation of a specific lesson plan in real time. Therefore, the focus of this presentation shall be a lesson plan which was located in the database of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, an organization dedicated to providing enriching, meaningful mathematics curriculum while ensuring availability for all students. This particular lesson plan is a multi-dimensional lesson, or a better an investigation, written by Laurie St. Julien (2008) and printed in the publication Teaching Children Mathematics. It has been generated toward third graders as a means to â€Å"pose their own mathematical questions from real data† (St. Julien, 2008, pg. 506) Before performing any critique of a lesson plan, it is first helpful to identify the basic philosophies that provide its foundation. In a course structured around empowerment through group dynamics conducted by Brunson and Vogt (1996), the results correlated with the theology that â€Å"an empowering educational philosophy promotes trust, collaborative learning and tolerance for ambiguity†. (Brunson Vogt, 1996, pg. 73) Pragmatism is a philosophy that centers not on the simple passing of knowledge from teacher to student, but around the teacher and student acting as co-learners in the educational process. Stallones, 2011) Pragmatic teachers believe that in order for children to flourish, they must be provided with opportunities to create their own knowledge through experience with the real world in a social context. This Pragmatic theology can be traced back to philosopher John Dewey (1859 – 1952). He saw education as the process of reconstructing knowledge through experiencing the real world; seeing Philosophy as a discipline that required constant change, paradoxically requiring the same reconstruction in education. Neubert, 2009) Following this school of thought, students are guided to generate their own questions, and to use scientific means to come to their own conclusions. This seems to go in tandem with the 7000 Pancakes lesson plan, centered on the theme of the incredible weekend output of the busiest International House of Pancakes in the country. This is quite pragmatic in that it clearly relates to a real world construct familiar to most children, as well as the fact that this particular pancake house just happens to sit next to Disneyland. The students have not been asked to arrive at a singular conclusion, but rather to hypothesize and test their theories, problem solve solutions to and adjust their assertions. This is done in a systematic way over more than one period. (St. Julien, 2008) They are also asked to generate and share their own small group generated questions, This allows for the development of scientific analysis and critical thought, particularly when coupled with the opportunity to scientifically attempt to answer each other’s questions through experience. In addition, Pragmatism favors the merger of various disciplines, in this case the blending of mathematics and science. The lesson plan includes an element that focuses on the eggs that are needed to create various numbers of pancakes in various time increments; however it also questions the properties of the egg and how they change when prepared differently embodying a scientific component to the lesson. This is accompanied by hands on demonstration of all of the aforementioned components, even culminating in a pancake breakfast! St. Julien, 2008) The real world connection in every aspect of this lesson, and the scaffolded guidance required by the teacher to implement it effectively, shows the true pragmatic nature of the lesson and its creator. The strengths of the lesson in question are numerous. The social requirements within the various groups and in the numerous opportunities for open discussion provided a psychosocial aspect to this lesson. These social skills are vital in every aspect of adult life, beyond the practicalities of mathematics. This is support by Siegel (1995) in her assertion that â€Å"learning is a social process in which learners actively construct their understandings†. (Smith, 1995, pg. 407) By using the real world construct of the familiar pancake house, and the visual aids that the lesson facilitates the students in developing a vested interest in investigating the questions that naturally arise through scientific analysis. The hypothesis and analysis process that resulted were well established and right on target for the inquisitive mind of a third grader. Allowing them to tactilely handle the different components of the pancakes allowed them to commit the information to memory in meaningful ways, allowing them to apply this new knowledge to other situations. The scientific component is also a major strength, however I believe yet another discipline could have been added to this lesson; I would also ask them to keep a scientific journal chronicling the experience as well as write a short reflective essay at the end to tie in the language aspect as well. To find any other fault with the lesson plan in question or to better it would prove to be extremely difficult.

Maturity: Being Considerate :: Psychology Essays

Maturity: Being Considerate According to Webster's dictionary, maturity is due care or consideration. There are many different kinds of maturity depending on what a person places their emphasis on. One type of maturity, intellectual, is caring about your personal well being. The level of one's intellectual maturity shows their ability to handle certain tasks set before them. A person who is considerate of others shows signs of social maturity. The ability to interact with others is necessary in order to function as part of this society. Different types of maturity can be independent of each other; you can have a high level of intellectual maturity and a low level of social maturity or vise versa. As you will see from e-mails of former students, levels vary greatly from one person to the next. Maturity is not only how you interact with others, but also how you manage your own responsibilities and affairs. An intellectually mature person demonstrates certain characteristics. The ability to follow instructions shows that you are willing to do things correctly in order to learn from the experience. To illustrate this point, say a student had difficulties using a particular program for an assignment. Even though this person disliked using the program that was required for the assignment, he understood the importance of doing his work correctly and he finished it despite the inconvenience. An example of a student who follows directions poorly is that of the student who just pasted in random responses for his log entry instead of doing the assignment as instructed. Another quality that a person must possess is open-mindedness. Being willing to explore new ideas and ways of doing things enriches a person's life. A Christian who is willing to learn the theory of evolution in order to broaden his mind set and to secure his beliefs is a good example of this characteristic. However, one student in particular believes that he does not need to use the library as a source in research because he believes that his information is better and more relative to his subject, which demonstrates his close mindedness because he is not willing to use other sources for information. A person's ability to understand their weaknesses and utilizing their abilities to the maximum shows their intellectual maturity. Take Timothy for example, he cannot grasp the concept of mathematics, so instead of failing the course, he takes the initiative to hire a tutor in order to assure that he will pass the class.

The Philippine E-Grand Prix Complex

AbstractThe research and development of electric and alternatively driven cars are the next step in evolution of the automobiles; since the primary source of fuel for today’s cars are fossil fuels which is rapidly depleting and also damaging to the environment. In order to take the next step in the car’s evolution a research and development complex and test/racing track would be created to tackle the challenge of producing technology needed in order to make electric cars viable.Creating a racing/test track and development complex in the heart of the city at the SM Central Business Park in Pasay that only caters to electric and alternative fuelled or driven cars and would become the testing grounds and home for car manufacturers, local universities or engineering/technology firms and enthusiasts professional and amateur creating and developing electric and alternatively driven vehicles, also becoming the venue for alternatively driven vehicle racing events in the future exposing the public to the technology. In conclusion creating the development complex for electric and alternatively driven vehicles would develop and research to make alternative and electric driven vehicles and alternative and eventual replacement of fossil fuel vehicles.Chapter 1Introduction:In today’s world the main form of transportation of getting from one place to another are cars or automobiles be it in the form of busses, cars, trucks or etc. they have become a necessary part of the world cars deliver our food and products, gets people to their work and where they need to be, enabled communities to grow in size and enabled people to live farther and travel longer distances. The invention of the automobile enabled communities to live farther away from where they work, to produce food and products away from the cities and be distributed to different places and enabled the majority of the population to travel long distances in relative safety.The  first appearances of the automobile began in 1976 with the creation of steam engine automobiles that were capable transporting people, in 1807 the first cars were equipped with internal combustion engines that run on fuel gas which became the model used to drive modern automobiles, simultaneously electric automobiles were also being developed and became moderately popular, but with problems and lack of development of battery technology at the time; which were small and very limited range, weight of the batteries and the problem of charging.With the internal combustion engine not having any of these problems since it run on fuel gas which: was easy to transport and distribute, made refueling relatively easy and had great range, the internal combustion engine automobile became the standard type of vehicle and eventually led to the disappearance of electric vehicles until recently. (Curtis Darrel Anderson, Judy Anderson, 2010) The birth of the first true â€Å"modern automobile† appeared in the yea r 1886 with the Benz-Patent-Motorwagen created by German inventor Karl Benz which used a gasoline powered engine and was able to travel long distances that showed the viability of cars.With the invention of the first modern automobile it proved that horseless carriages or automobiles were suitable and replacement of horses as the main form of transportation (citation), as technology improved so did automobiles leading to efficient, powerful, versatile, safe and fast cars of today but the same basic concept of the first modern automobiles are still used in today’s cars; with the use of an internal combustion engine fuelled by gasoline to power the vehicle. (Steven Parissien, 2013)At the beginning of the 21st Century, interest in electrical and other alternative fuel vehicles has increased due to growing concern over the problems associated with hydrocarbon fueled vehicles, including damage to the environment caused by their emissions, and the sustainability of the current foss il fuel transportation infrastructure.With the renewed interest in electric and other alternative fuel vehicles in the 1990s some companies began manufacturing and selling electric cars in the early 90s although there were only few models and production limited it sparked the revival of the electric vehicle (EV) and with the continued advancement of technology, electric cars are becoming more widespread and viable today 2010s with companies like Tesla exclusively selling electric cars and mainstream manufacturers Toyota, Mitsubishi, Peugeot, Honda,  Chevrolet, Citroen and Nissan fully electric production cars. (Gijs Mom, 2013)As automobiles became more successful and widespread it quickly became a part of modern life, with pioneers organizing automobile races during the late 1800s and early 1900s to advertise and showcase the capabilities of automobiles and were publicity stunts that showcased that cars were safe, easy and convenient in comparison to horses and reliable. Most of t he races at the time were mostly shows, although some were actual races held between drivers and their cars.The races were held over long distances and lasted hours and some that took days to complete with distances of over 1000 kilometers with races starting from one city ending in another. In the 1930s to 1950s as cars became more popular and widespread with many companies starting to manufacture them, cars then started to become faster and faster with the high-end and expensive cars being turned into purpose built cars for speed and racing which then became the first race cars which competed in races, grand prixs, rallies and other forms of racing.( David Hassan,2013) After the Second World War with many empty and unused airfields and empty fields in Europe, enthusiasts and drivers started adapting and using them as race tracks which became the basis of modern motor racing and gave it an audience with the public.Auto racing then evolved and branched into different kinds of racing which spawn different types of race cars and with motor racing starting to appear in different countries all over the world with the establishment of different racing series, championships and federations, with different levels of motorsport ranging from amateur to professional, and became established as modern day motor racing. (Rà ©mi Paolozzi, 2003) Today major motorsport events are handled and governed by the Fà ©dà ©ration Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) also known as the International Automobile Federation, they represent the interest of motoring organizations and motor car users around the world.They handle auto racing events and classes, (e.g. Formula 1 and World Rally Championship) they create the rules and regulations for different classes of auto racing throughout the world and acts as its governing body through the local motoring associations and organizations of the country. (Barbara Bogusz, Adam Jan Cygan, Erika M. Szyszczak, 2007) Formula-E or officially FIA Formula E Championship is a class of auto racing, sanctioned by the Fà ©dà ©ration Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA).The formula, designated in  the name, refers to a set of rules with which all participants' cars must comply. Formula E is intended to be the highest class of competition for one-make, single-seat, electrically-powered racing cars. The series was conceived in 2012, with the inaugural championship to be held from September 2014 – June 15 across 10 cities (Beijing, Putrajaya, Rio de Janeiro, Punta Del Este, Buenos Aires, Los Angeles, Miami, Monte Carlo, Berlin and London) around the world.Background and Nature Background:Motor racing in the Philippines first started during the 1960s with racing events like the Manila Grand Prix; Philippines Grand Prix a street circuit located around Greenhills during 1973-1976 and the Great Gedol Grand Philippine Rally using cars that started out as production cars and were heavily modified into race cars and lasted throug h the 1970s during the time of the Marcos Regime these were considered the Golden Age of Philippines Motorsports where Philippine racing drivers and teams competed locally and internationally some becoming champions. Philippine motors racing today is still active with many regular events, racing series and championships from karting to touring cars from amateur to professional levels, accompanied by an active car and motoring culture. Motorsport tracks in the Philippines:Batangas Racing Circuit – road racing circuit, holds international events Subic International Raceway – road racing circuit Carmona Racing Circuit – karting circuit, motorbike circuit Clark International Speedway – road racing circuit Nature:Electric and Alternative Drive Racing – motorsport for race cars, production cars, prototypes, spec and formula cars that are alternatively powered vehicles, cars that don’t use the standard and conventional internal combustion engine an d fossil fuel. Alternative drive vehicles: hybrid, electric, alternative fuel and fuel cell drive race cars and prototypes separated into different classes and spec, series and formula. A high tech motorsport featuring current and next generation automotive technology and used as a competitive testing ground to showcase, develop and pioneer alternative and future automotive technologies.Statement of the ProblemAs the deterioration of the environment due to greenhouse gasses worsens, can man made greenhouses gasses be reduced or slowed down by using alternatively driven vehicles? By developing and using alternatively driven vehicles how significant would it be at lowering man made greenhouse gasses in comparison with the traditional internal combustion engines. In order to develop these kinds of technologies in automobiles, auto racing has been an essential competitive proving and testing ground for pioneering, introducing and developing automotive technologies.Which leads to; would alternatively drive vehicles be a viable replacement or alternative for conventional motorsport? Can alternative drive vehicles be as exciting, authentic and high-tech as conventional motor racing and would technologies developed and used in these races and race cars be transferrable or relevant to the next generation or type of production cars.Project Objectives1. To study conventional and alternative drive motor racing and race cars. To distinguish and list the differences between conventional and alternative drive motor racing and race cars and to be used as a base to compare its respective strengths and weaknesses. 2. To study the different types of motorsport around the world which use electric or alternative drive race cars. To create a basis of information and data in order to create an electric or alternative drive motorsport that can be adapted and used in the Philippine setting. 3. To study the viability and feasibility of electric and alternative drive motorsport in the P hilippines.To see if an electric and alternative drive racing series and track would be a viable motorsport in the Philippines. To study what it would take to create a successful electric and alternative drive racing series. 4. To locate an area in the Philippines that would be suitable and accessible for a racing and development track for alternatively driven vehicles. To locate an area in the Philippines that would be suitable for motorsport that would be accessible to international and local competitors and developers and be accessible to the local motorsport culture and the general public.Keywords1. Electric Vehicle – electric vehicle (EV), also referred to as an electric drive vehicle, uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion. Three main types of electric vehicles exist, those that are directly powered from an external power station, those that are powered by stored electricity originally from an external power source, and those that are powered by an on-board electrical generator (hybrid electric vehicles), such as an internal combustion engine or a hydrogen fuel cell EV.2. Alternative Drive Vehicle – a vehicle that runs on a fuel other than conventional fossil fuel (gasoline or diesel); and also refers to any technology of powering an engine that does not involve solely petroleum (electric car, hybrid electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicle, solar powered).3. Motorsports – group of competitive sports which primarily involve the use of motorised vehicles, whether for racing or non-racing competition.4. Auto racing/ Motor racing – group of competitive sports involving the racing of automobiles for competition.5. Race Track – a facility for racing of vehicles, which include spectator facilities such as grandstands, hospitality, facilities for competitors, such as pit lanes and garages.6. Automotive Technology – technologies found and used and developed in automobiles. Many of these technologi es also have other applications. Significance of the ProblemTo see if there would be interest in electric and alternatively driven vehicles from enthusiasts and the general public. To see the economic difference of alternatively driven race cars from standard race cars based on fuel, parts, maintenance and running cost. To see if electric and alternatively driven vehicles would be a legitimate motorsport.Project Scope and LimitationsScope: Racing Track/Circuit Complex Development and Testing Facilities Limitations: Pioneering research in the Philippines. Few resources and Local Case Studies. Local Tracks are far and few. Few electric cars in the Philippines. Electric cars are not popular and in widespread use locally.Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature 1. Fifty Cars that Changed the World Conran Octupus: London 2009 ISBN 9781840915365 pg. 100The book showcases the 50 most influential cars of the automotive industry to date. The Toyota Prius was released in 1997 which showed the c ommitment of a major manufacturer in alternative fuel technology. The Toyota Prius is a Hybrid-Electric Vehicle (HEV) a car that has a normal internal combustion (IC) engine which is partnered with an electric motor and batteries which power the car the at low speeds and at higher speeds using the IC engine which charges the battery of the electric motor producing high fuel and power efficiency which saves fuel. The Toyota Prius paved the way for the popularity and resurgence of electric and hybrid cars in popular culture today.2. Modern Car Technology Jeff Daniels Haynes Publishing: CA 2001 ISBN 9781859608111 Chapter 8, pg. 82-89Chapter 8 discusses the workings and mechanics of Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Fuel Cell Vehicles and also other green alternatives such as Bio-Diesel, Ethanol and LPG.3. Hybrid, Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles Jack Erjavec, Jeff Arias Delmar Publishers Inc.: NY ISBN 9781401881055Hybrid, Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles – explains the basic and mechan ical principles of the Hybrid (HEV), Battery Electric (BEV) and Fuel Cell (FCV) vehicles. It shows the basics of each type of vehicle their mechanics and technologies and goes into more advanced and complex mechanics, principles and technologies of each type of alternative vehicle. It also distinguishes each type of vehicles advantages and disadvantages and differences over the traditional ICE (internal combustion engine) vehicles and other alternative vehicles.4. Bio Ethanol: Production, Benefits and Economics Jason B. Earbum Nova Science Publishers Inc.: NY 2009 ISBN 9781607406975 Chapter 9 pg.151-152, Chapter 10 pg.165-167, Chapter 11 pg.173-178Chapter 9 shows the widespread and worldwide use of Ethanol (E10) in normal vehicles which is 80% unleaded fuel mixed with Ethanol. In Chapter 10 discusses Bio-Diesel which is used as a diesel additive or be used as a complete replacement for diesel in diesel powered vehicles and Ethanol as an additive or as fuel on flexible fuel vehicles and its history. In Chapter 11 it discusses Fuel consumption of normal fuel and bio fuels worldwide, the cost and benefits of biofuels, how bio fuels affect air Quality and climate change.5. Fuel Cell Engines Matthew M. Mench John Wiley & Sons Inc.: NJ 2008 ISBN 978047168958 Chapter 1 pg.1-24Chapter 1 discusses the uses of fuel cell technology (a device that creates electricity through chemical reactions with a fuel), the classes of fuel cells, potential uses from portable devices, stationary devices or power plants and in transportation as fuel cell vehicles and lastly the history of fuel cell development.6. Biofuels for Transport: Global potential and Implications for Sustainable Energy and Agriculture World Watch Institute Earthscan: London 207 Chapter 1 pg. 3-9, Chapter 15 pg.250-262, Part 8 pg.329-344Chapter 1 discusses the current status of biofuels and its industry and gives an overview of what biofuel is (Bio Diesel, Ethanol). Chapter 15 shows the different types biofuel veh icles; Bio-diesel which can be used in normal diesel vehicles or as an additive and ethanol which is added in E10 fuels used normal cars and fully ethanol driven cars. Part 8 shows country studies of bio fuels from China, India, Tanzania, Brazil and Germany.7. Fossil Fuels and Pollution: The Future of Air Quality Jackie Kerr Casper, Ph.D. Facts on File Inc.: NY 2010 ISBN 978081672651 Chapter 1 pg. 1-25, Chapter 2 pg. 26-62, Chapter 5 pg. 111-114, Chapter 9 pg. 197-209Chapter 1 gives an overview of fossil fuel and its history, Chapter 2 discusses the effects of fossil fuels its potentials and how it can affect the health of people. Chapter 5 discusses fuel economy and the rate of global use of fossil fuels. Chapter 9 shows alternative vehicles to ICE vehicles: Hybrid, Electric, Flexible Fuel, Plug-in, Air Powered and Fuel Cell vehicles and future developments and technologies of vehicles.8. Alternative Fuels: The Future of Hydrogen Second Edition Michael Frank Hordeski The Fairmont P ress Inc. / Taylor & Francis Ltd.: GA 2008 ISBN 9781420080162 Chapter 3 pg. 67-100, Chapter 4 pg. 101-124Chapter 3 gives the history of cars from its inception and the accompanying history of fuels used by cars. Chapter 4 takes a more in-depth look at the fuel development of vehicles up to the present and also the alternative fuels and technologies and how hydrogen used in fuel cells can power and be used in vehicles of the future.9. Vehicle Powertrain Systems Behrooz Mashadi, David Crolla John Wiley & Sons: West Sussex, UK 2012 ISBN 9780470666029 Chapter 7 pg. 425-474Gives an in-depth look at vehicle powertrain systems (the system that make the car move) gives an introduction to Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) its parts: internal combustion engine, electric motor and batteries and the different types of HEVs: Series and Parallel.10. Fundamentals of Automotive Technology Kirk T. Van Gelder Jones & Barett Learning: MA 2014 ISBN 9781449624118A manual and in-depth guide automotive techn ology and systems, and an in-depth guide to alternative fuels and drive systems used in today’s cars: Biofuel vehicles and the different types Ethanol, Bio Diesel, Methanol, Bio Bubetanol, Fuel Cell vehicles with only hydrogen fuel cells being viable and used, Battery Electric Vehicles that only use electricity and need to be charged and Hybrid Drives which use an ICE and an Electric motor and batteries and different types: Series, Parallel and Series-Parallel.11. Electric Vehicles: Technology, Policy and Commercial Development Serra, Jao Vitor Fernandes Earthscan: London 2011 ISBN 9781849714150The book gives a brief history as to why the internal combustion engines are used in vehicles. How electric vehicles work and the technologies, principle and mechanics used and a history of electric vehicle development. The cost effectiveness of electric vehicles versus traditional internal combustion engines and the alternative vehicles. And lastly discusses the policies for electric vehicles in order to push them to be used.12. Hybrid & Alternative Fuel Vehicles James D. Halderman, Tony Martin Pearson: NJ 2011 ISBN 9780135103845An in-depth manual and expert guide for current Hybrid and Alternative Fuel Vehicles in which the book shows the concepts and mechanics of different types of vehicles and shows different examples actual and current hybrid and alternative fuel vehicles and an in-depth and expert look at their systems and technologies.13. Automotive Engineering: Powertrain, Chassis System and Vehicle Body 1st Edition David A. Crolla Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford, UK 2009 ISBN 9781856175777 Chapter 6 pg. 141-172 Chapter 7 pg. 175-202Chapter 6 discusses the mechanics and principles of electric vehicles on how they work and the technologies used for them to work. Chapter 7 shows the  concept and principles in order for Fuel cell vehicles to work, the technologies and mechanics in the workings of these type of vehicles and explains the technology behind it.1 4. The Electric Vehicle: Technology and Expectations in the Automobile Age Gijs Mom JHU Press: 2013 ISBN: 9781421412689The book provides a complete and detailed history of the electric car from the replacement of horses and rise of the automobile. The book in detail discusses the progress of the automobile from the horseless carriage to present day, but focuses on the electric cars, which were actually used before internal combustion engines on cars.It discusses the early shortcomings of the electric car from the short battery life and range which made the ICE vehicle the preferred choice early in the cars development, to misconceptions about electric cars that led it to be forgotten in automotive technology until recently when it has been rediscovered as an alternative to fossil fueled vehicles due to depleting fuel resources and environmental issues.15. Electric and Hybrid Cars: A History Curtis Darrel Anderson, Judy Anderson McFarland, 2010 ISBN: 9780786457427The book discusses E lectric and Hybrid Cars from a brief introduction of the birth of the automobile industry and the evolution of the electric car from its earliest iterations to it resurgence today. It also discusses the politics that happened in the history of the electric car because it was a competitor to gas powered cars and answered why the electric car suddenly disappeared. It also discusses the technological advancements that made the electric car possible and the marketing of these types of cars today. 16. The History of Motor Sport: A Case Study Analysis (Sport in the Global Society – Historical perspectives) David HassanRoutledge, 2013 ISBN: 9780415851213 Chapter 2Gives the history of the beginnings of motor racing that started in France and the pioneers in Belgium, it also tells on how automobile racing expanded throughout Europe.17. The Regulation of Sport in the European Union Barbara Bogusz, Adam Jan Cygan, Erika M. Szyszczak Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007 ISBN: 9781847208569 pgs. 74-96Explains what the Fà ©dà ©ration Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) is and its power as the governing body of all forms of motorsports using four or more wheels. It focused on its regulation on Formula 1 auto racing and the extent of power and abuses the FIA had on the auto racing being able to force out competing other motorsports not sanctioned by the FIA.18. McKinsey Quarterly, February 2011 The fast lane to the adoption of electric cars Russell Hensley, Strefan M. Knupfer and Axel KriegerThe article is about electric cars and its adoption in large metropolitan cities; Shanghai, Paris and New York in these study. In the article it states that to the buyers and users of electric cars in metropolitan cities the things that are important are the cars being a status symbol especially in Shanghai and New York, the benefits to the environment and the savings from using electricity.Another point of the article was the preferences of electric vehicles of the three cities in whe re in Shanghai they preferred PHEVs in which were able to use a normal engine after running out of gas, BEVs in New York and Paris which were pure Electric vehicles which relied on batteries and charging. Lastly the article studied that incentives that  attracted buyers were not monetary but low cost incentives what they were attracted to, and that the future of mass producing EVs relied on fixed routes delivery vehicles in metropolitan cities making the switch EVs.19. Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2011 Volume 3 Towards All-Electric FSAE Race Cars S. Watkins, G. Pearson, M. King ISBN 9789881925152; ISSN: 20780966(Online)FSAE is a global student based competition with over 200 universities involved, it is a competition where student-teams create a small scale racing car following a strict set of rules limiting the students and make them more reliant on their ingenuity and creativity in order to get more performance from their vehicles. With the changing automotiv e market with new and technologies especially electric and alternative fuel vehicles creating a sub-racing series that would create all-electric FSAE cars would help students and engineers.20. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2010 DOI: 10.1021/es100520c Environmental Implication of Electric Vehicles in China Hong Huo, Qiang Zhang, Michael Q. Wang, David G. Streets and Kebin HeThe article is about the study of the environmental implication of electric vehicles as a replacement for the traditional internal combustion engine vehicle. The study compared the CO2 level of traditional ICE vehicles and the CO2 levels from the additional CO2 production of power plants which use coal for the charging of electric vehicles (which in theses study replaced ICE vehicles) and found electric vehicles did not give much benefit in reducing CO2 production. In conclusion to their study they found that electric vehicles were a great solution to oil shortage but failed to address the environmental issue.

Unchecked Power in Shakespeares Macbeth and King Lear

In many of the plays by William Shakespeare, the central character goes through internal and external changes that ultimately shake their foundations to the core. Numerous theories have been put forth to explain the sequence of tragedies Shakespeare wrote during this period by linking it to some experience of melancholy, anger, despair, and the antagonist s ultimate fall from grace in their lust for power. But such theories overlook the fact that it is in this very same period and in the same tragic works that portray the heights to which human nature can rise and fall in its purest and noblest, if not happiest terms. Surely the creation of so much light alongside the darkness and the perfection of the artistic medium through which†¦show more content†¦After Macbeth becomes king, his sanity begins to unravel. In Act III, Scene 4 he sees images of his dead friend Banquo at the banquet. Lady Macbeth s questioning of Macbeth s manhood is crucial in fueling his ambition and desire to be king after he becomes Thane of Cawdor. Then his wife plants the initial seed of a new king in the thoughts of Macbeth. The reversal of control and power between he and his wife strikes Macbeth s manhood. She is well aware of the discrepancy between their respective resolves and understands that she will have to manipulate her husband into acting on the witches prophecy. Her violent, blistering soliloquies in Act I, Scene 7, testifies to her strength of will, which completely eclipses that of her husband. Her soliloquy in Act I, scene V, begins the play s exploration of gender roles, particularly of the value and nature of masculinity. In the soliloquy, she spurns her feminine characteristics, crying out unsex me here and wishing that the milk in her breasts would be exchanged for gall so that she could murder Duncan herself. These remarks manifest Lady Macbeth s belief that manhood is defined by murder. When, in Act I, scene vii, her husband is hesitant to murder Duncan, she goads him by questioning his manhood and by implicitly comparing his willingness to carry through on his intention of killing Duncan with his ability to carry out a sexual act (I.vii.38-41). Throughout the play, wheneverShow MoreRelatedFemininity Of Shakespeare s Macbeth And King Lear1241 Words   |  5 PagesFemininity in Shakespeare’s Macbeth and King Lear William Shakespeare, arguably the greatest English writer of all time, uses his plays and characters to teach moral lessons. Often, he uses extreme examples and circumstances that seem excessive and unrealistic, but he seems to abide by the rule that Flannery O’Connor later articulated: â€Å"†¦to the hard of hearing you shout, and for the almost blind you draw large and startling figures† (Collected Works). In order to ensure that he got his point acrossRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s King Lear, Hamlet, Othello And Macbeth1206 Words   |  5 Pagesfor the audience. A Shakespearean tragedy, is a five-act play and they usually revolve around a similar idea of conflict. This is the Internal and external Conflict within the character. The four plays I have chosen to analyse are; King Lear, Hamlet, Othello and Macbeth. I chose these plays specifically because they all have universal themes which depict human emotions. They contain very important messages about int ernal and external conflict within characters and how this conflict can lead to terribleRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth, Othello, And King Lear1479 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth, was the last of four great tragedies, including Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear, written during the Elizabethan Era. Herbert Courson states the play as, â€Å" â€Å"a powerful even for the mature Shakespeare. [which]... demands that we share its experience intensely, that we fell the strength of Macbeth’s thirst for kingship, the force of Lady Macbeth’s persuasions, the anguish of Macbeth’s struggle before the murder, and the impact of nature’s retribution after the murder†

Changes in the brain-death statute were made relatively...

Changes in the brain-death statute were made relatively recently by the governor; there is now more reliance on clinical evaluations and trancranial Doppler tests. Doppler ultrasound assesses measurements of blood flow. Used noninvasively, an ultrasonic signal transmission is carried through the body. The echo signal returns from red blood cells – the return signal yields a Doppler shift signal (Bay, 1999). Ambiguity and lack of regulatory control is echoed in David Powner’s article published in the Lancet Journal: â€Å"Clinicians do not always follow an established policy or provide appropriate documentation. Surveys or chart reviews showed that doctors sometimes failed to document specifics of clinical examinations, omitted criteria demanded†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"One of the obligations for nursing staff and everyone is to take care of the dead body whose perfused organs are being maintained by machines†, a panelist interjected. Many hospitals have policies whereby if one is hired by the hospital and has a personal, moral, or religious objection to certain things, then every effort will be made for someone else to participate – termination of pregnancy serves as an example, he continued. Furthermore, he emphasized that there does not have to be a conscientious objection on the part of the doctors or nurses based on spiritual, philosophical, or rel igious grounds; it’s solely based on not being required to give treatments that one believes are futile. As another member put it succinctly, â€Å"You can recuse yourself from performing such duties†. Moreover, the idea of futility is a vague idea, mentioned a panelist; he stressed that in this particular instance, regarding the woman’s brain-death state, this is totally futile. The whole idea behind a religious exemption is, as he put it: â€Å"You are not dead based on spiritual grounds. The family believes that it is not actual death – it is not cardiopulmonary death†. In addition, the doctor emphasized that many health practitioners also hold the same religious ideals and would conclude that the person is not dead. The panel discussed the New York statute as it compares to New Jersey’s: Under New York State law, there is allowance for theShow MoreRelated Paper761 Words   |  4 Pages In the 1790s members of the industry in both Paris and London were working on inventions to try to mechanise paper-making. In England John Dickenson produced the cylinder machine that was operational by 1809. Although useful for smaller enterprises, this lacked the large scale potential of the machine resulting from the invention of Nicholas-Louis Robert in Paris, which had a more complicated incubation period. The last of the early improvements to this machine were financed by the Fourdrinier brothersRead MoreReflection Paper836 Words   |  4 Pagesand integrating quotes. Before my papers were full of â€Å"she said† and â€Å"she would say†; which was boring and showed poor ability to lengthen my word choice. I also had a tendency to just throw quotes in and not integrate it into my writ ings. By the end of my English 101 class my papers began to present with words like â€Å"the author noted†, or â€Å"she stated† along with many other word choices and proper ways of using quotes. Here is an example from my final research paper: â€Å"Author Stephanie Jackson, a certifiedRead MoreOn Behalf of Paper1685 Words   |  7 PagesFor centuries, people have read and learned on paper. It has loyally served man as the ideal vehicle for conveying our thoughts, feelings, and ideas. In recent years, an opponent has risen: computers. The computer brought the world to our fingertips, to the palm of our hands, but is this competitor superior? Should we drop the written and printed empire that had dominated and quenched our thirst for knowledge for so long? 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Darwin s Theory Of Evolution - 1115 Words

There are many theories as to what scientist believe is the forth coming of evolution or what they deem to be the reasoning behind its development. However, Charles Darwin would change the theories of evolution and would go down in history as one of the greatest influential figures in human existence. Although some scientist disagree with Darwin’s Theory, Darwin is the only person who was able to provide sufficient evidence to prove his theory of evolution. The one question that remains, Can God and evolution co-exist? Darwin’s Education and What Leads to his Theories Charles Darwin was considered the leading transmutationist of the nineteenth century, or so history tells us. Darwin originally started school in the medical field in the late 1800’s at University of Edinburgh Medical School , only to drop out when he found a deep fascination for nature and its development throughout time. Could it be that Darwin was destined for great things? Finding his way to the University of Cambridge, he studied marine invertebrates, where he encouraged his deep passions for natural and molecular sciences. Over the course of many years and expeditions set out by Darwin and his team of researchers, he collected many unusual fossils that made him investigate further into his theories of evolution. Becoming a well-known author in 1839, Darwin had his first publication â€Å"The Journal of the Voyage†, which helped support the theories of Charles Lyell’s uniformitarian ideas. Darwin sShow MoreRelatedDarwin s Theory On Evolution1018 Words    |  5 PagesDarwin’s theory on Evolution Evolution is the belief that all living forms including humans came from ancient ancestors. Evolution is what makes life possible. It allows organisms to adapt to the environment as it changes. 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Whether Status of Both Violet and Sonny †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Whether Status of Both Violet and Sonny. Answer: Issue: Whether status of both Violet and Sonny is determined as partner of the Busy Bee, and whether any liability arises towards the Friendly Bank on part of Violet and Sonny in context of loan taken by Busy Bee Florist Shop? Law: Meaning of partnership is defined by Partnership Act 1963, and this section states that partnership is considered as relationship between two or more people who agreed to carry common business for the purpose of earning profit. This definition also includes incorporated limited partnership and external partnership. However, any relationship which exists between the company members cannot be considered as partnership, does not matter whether such relationship form as per the Act or not. This is understood in other form also, as partnership is the relationship under which contract is signed by two or more parties for carrying on the common business to earn profit. Partners must intent to bind each other while entering into agreement which means relationship must be contractual in nature. It can also be considered in some other way also that partnership is the mutual participation by partners and partners must not create legal entity while creating the partnership. In caselaw Smith v Anderson (1880) 15 Ch D 247 at 273, James LJ held that ordinary partnership include those individuals who were enter into an contract for the purpose of bound themselves for joint object either for limited period of time or for indefinite period. Usually, partnership is for those who want to enter into a binding contract with each other. Partnership lawimposed restriction on maximum number of partners which can be entered into single partnership. However, firm name must be registered under the partnership Act (Partnership Act, 1963). Lawwhich governs the partnership is based on both statuelaw and case law. Partnership is also known as special type of agency because partners of the firm while carrying on the business of the partnership are acting as the agent of each other. After considering above facts it is clear that agreement is the essential element for partnership, and such agreement must be legally enforceable. Whether partnership exist or not is the most difficult issue which is determined by Court in number of cases and for this purpose section 7 of the Partnership Act 1963 defines rules through which Court can determine whether partnership exists or not. Details of section are stated below: This section defines that rules for determining the existence of partnership are stated under clause 2 to clause 4 of section 7. This clause defines the rule related to joint tenancy and common interest, which means any joint tenancy, common interest, joint property, and ownership in part does not result in partnership itself just on the ground that person held and owned something. Court considers the factor whether any profit shared by tenants or owners is earned through using these things held and owned by tenant or owner. This means that relationship of partnership does not exist on the basis that co-owners jointly held the property. In case law Davis v Davis [1894] 1 Ch 393, Court determine the issue related to relationship of partnership between two brothers who hold real estate property as joint tenants. In this business and three houses were left by father of brothers after his death. Brothers decided to let one house and other two houses were used by brothers in their business. For the purpose of carrying on the business, two houses were used as security by brothers for getting loan and brothers also u sed the amount earned by the business was taken by brothers for their weekly expenses. In this case, court decided that there was relationship of partners between the brothers for the purpose of carrying on the business, and Court further stated that both the houses which were given as security will be considered as property of the partnership (Egert, 2007). This clause defines the sharing of profits and gross returns, and as per this clause any sharing of profits and gross returns of partnership business does not considered as existence of partnership unless such return and profit is derived from the property in which person has common rights and interest. In case law Cribb v Korn (1911) 12 CLR 205, High court stated that there was no relationship of partnership, and it was just a tenancy. Court took this decision on the ground that owner of the land has exclusive right in the land and there was no common interest, and no right was available to Cribb to direct the actions of owner of land. This clause defines the payments which were not considered while determining existence of partnership. As per this clause, in case any profit or return is received by the person from the activities of partnership business then such receipt can be considered as primary evidence for the purpose of determining the status of partnership. However, it must be noted that any receipt of such profit or return or any change occurred in the profit of the business shall not be itself considered as existence of partnership. Following are some payments which cannot be considered as primary evidence of sharing of profit. If any amount related to debt or any other amount in the form of installments as liquidated debt is received by the person or any other form of accruing profits then such person is not determined as partner of the firm and such person is also not liable for any debt of the firm towards the third party. Any contract which is related to the remuneration of employee or agent of that person who is engaged in the day to day activities of the business by sharing business profits, then such employee and agent is not considered as partner of the firm and such employee or agent is also not liable for any debt of the firm towards the third party. Any amount received by domestic partner and child of deceased partner in lieu of profit sharing of the business in way of periodic payments then such domestic partner and child of deceased partner is not determined as partner of the firm and such person is also not liable for any debt of the firm towards the third party (Sydney, n.d.). If any person lends money to the person who is engaged in day to day activities of the business under contract which is made in writing and if such contract is signed by all relevant parties, and for this lending lender received share in profit then such lender is not determined as partner of the firm and such person is also not liable for any debt of the firm towards the third party. If any portion of profit is received by any person in lieu of goodwill by way of periodic payments then such person is not determined as partner of the firm and such person is also not liable for any debt of the firm towards the third party. This clause states the non-applicability of provisions of section 7 and as per these clause provisions of this clause is not applied on incorporated limited partnership (partnership Act, 1963). Application: In this case, busy bee florist shop is the partnership firm which is carried by two partners that is Mary and Rose. Business of firm is declined in last few months because of drought and unfavorable weather conditions. Because of this decline bank account of firm is overdrawn and friendly bank refuses to honor the cheques of this bank. Both Rose and Mary decided to take loan from their friends. Rose request Violet to give loan of $20000 to the busy bee and Violet agreed to give loan to busy bee in exchange of share in business profit or loss. Agreement related to loan of $20000 state following conditions: Violet has right to get 20% share in the profit and loss of the business. Books of the partnership business are checked by the Violet. Violet also has right to get statements related to partnership business on quarterly basis. Money given by violet is given in the form of loan and violet is not the partner of the firm. Later, Mary request Sonny who is also the employee of the busy bee to give loan of $ 10000 and Sonny in lieu of this loan demand amount of 1/8th share in the profit. Sony lend money to the business and after that Sonny receives both his salary and one eight share of net profit and losses. After, considering above facts it is clear section 6 and 7 of Partnership Act 1963 is applied in this case, and through rules stated in section 7, status of both Violet and Sonny in busy bee is determined. Clause 3 of section 7 defines the sharing of profits and gross returns, and as per this clause any sharing of profits and gross returns of partnership business does not considered as existence of partnership unless such return and profit is derived from the property in which person has common rights and interest. In other words, court stated that sharing of profit can be considered as proper evidence for determining the status of person in partnership, but it is not possible to determine partnership on the basis of this element only. Clause 4 of section states any receipt of such profit or return or any change occurred in the profit of the business shall not be itself considered as existence of partnership. Clause further states if any person lends money to the person who is engaged in day to day activities of the business under contract which is made in writing and if such contract is signed by all relevant parties, and for this lending lender received share in profit then such lender is not determined as partner of the firm and such person is also not liable for any debt of the firm towards the third party. In case Cox v Hickman [1860] 8 HL Cas 268, Court held if circumstances of any case clearly reveal that there is relationship of partnership between the parties then such lender is considered as partner of the firm and such lender is also known as partner of the firm and he is also liable towards the third party for its debt. In this case, both violet and Sonny is the lender of the firm and both agreed to share profit and loss of the business but circumstances in both the case are completely different. In this, Sonny is not considered as partner of the business because if any person lends money to the person who is engaged in partnership business and receives share of profit in lieu of damage then such person is not considered as partner of the firm. In case of violet all the circumstances of the case is considered because if circumstances of any case clearly reveal that there is relationship of partnership between the parties then such lender is considered as partner of the firm and such lender is also known as partner of the firm and he is also liable towards the third party for its debt. In this circumstance of Violet states that he is the partner of the firm such as he has right to inspect books, share profit and loss, and get quarterly statements. Conclusion: Sonny is not considered as partner of the business because if any person lends money to the person who is engaged in partnership business and receives share of profit in lieu of damage then such person is not considered as partner of the firm. After considering the circumstances of the case, Violet is the partner of the firm such as he has right to inspect books, share profit and loss, and get quarterly statements. References: Cox v Hickman [1860] 8 HL Cas 268. Cribb v Korn (1911) 12 CLR 205. Davis v Davis [1894] 1 Ch 393. Eggert, A. (2007). Defining a Partnership: The Traditional Approach Versus An Innovative Departure - Do Queensland Appeal Court Decisions Point to the Need for a Review of the Traditional Approach to Interpretation Adopted by Australian Courts. Viewed at: https://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1332context=blr. Accessed on 4th October 2017. Partnership Act 1963, Section 6. Partnership Act 1963, Section 7. Smith v Anderson (1880) 15 Ch D 247 at 273. Sydney.edu. Partnership. Viewed at:https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=2cad=rjauact=8 ved=0ahUKEwic5ZPS5NbWAhUVSY8KHSAiAOEQFgguMAEurl=http%3A%2F%2Fsydney.edu.au%2Flec%2Fsubjects%2Fassociations%2Fnotes%2FSummer%25202010-11%2FTopic%25203%2520-%2520Partnership.docusg=AOvVaw1xHdiqSR8TyFCeX90YUPBO. Accessed on 4th October 2017.